Soybean insects pdf

Aircraft can be especially important in periods of corn earworm outbreak, when significant acreage must be treated quickly, or when wet field conditions make ground spraying impossible. Amount of Formulation. Treat when defoliation reaches threshold levels or buildup is obvious. Pod skinning by this insect can be a concern in soybeans grown for seed. Selected pyrethroids will suppress bean leaf beetle. Resistance can quickly develop if chemistries are not rotated.

In the premixed products listed, the effective chemistries are in MOAs 3 and 1B. Brigade, Discipline , Sniper, and others 2 EC. Ground application only for larger caterpillars. Control of large armyworms can be difficult. Chlorantraniliprole, indoxacarb, methoxyfenozide, spinetoram, and spinosad are the superior products. See label. Apply by air or ground uniformly over foliage as a broadcast treatment.

Early morning treatment is preferred. Use higher rates for heavy infestations. Diflubenzuron is not effective to control adult grasshoppers. See label for additional instructions and suggestions. Treat when defoliation reaches threshold. This insect is seldom an economic pest. See label of specific Bt products. Thresholds are listed under bean leaf beetle.

Miticides registered on soybean often provide erratic control. Two applications may be needed for high populations. The only true miticidal product listed is etoxazole, which has activity on the immature mites. Treat when bug numbers exceed threshold. Acephate and the highest rates of pyrethroids are preferred for brown stink bug, with bifenthrin the preferred pyrethroid for this species.

Stink bugs are often late-season pests so be aware of the preharvest interval of insecticides. Brigade, Discipline, Sniper, and others 2 EC. These insects are rarely pests; exercise care in determining if a problem exists. Do not spray Mexican bean beetle when many eggs and pupae are present; wait 4 to 5 days. Thrips have never been demonstrated to reduce soybean yields in North Carolina. Threecornered alfalfa hopper girdle mainstems when plants are below 10 inches tall and petioles when plants are larger.

Treatments for threecornered alfalfa hopper impact yield only when applied to seedling soybeans. Corn earworm is generally the most important insect pest of North Carolina soybeans, followed by stink bugs. Soybean looper, velvetbean caterpillar, green cloverworm, and bean leaf beetle infrequently occur at high populations and may sometimes reach damaging levels.

Soybean looper, stink bugs, and velvetbean caterpillar occur with some regularity in coastal counties below the Albemarle Sound. Other plant-feeding insects are rarely important to the soybean producer. Refer to Soybean Insect Guide for photos of the insects described here.

Foliage-eating insects are present in almost all soybean fields throughout the season. Most fields rarely suffer yield loss; however, because the amount of leaf loss remains at low to moderate levels and soybean plants have a unique ability to compensate for foliage loss. Biology and identification. Small larvae web the underside of the leaf. Fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda J. Smith caterpillar larvae are olive-green to dark brown and smooth, with a dark band above a stripe running down each side.

These are not present in corn earworm larvae. Above the stripe, a black triangular spot is found on nearly every segment of the body. Small black spots appear on each side of the first abdominal segment, farther toward the rear compared with the side spots on the beet armyworm.

Both beet armyworm and fall armyworm are migratory insects and, as a result, are more prevalent later in the season. Yellowstriped armyworm overwinters in North Carolina and can be found throughout the season. Armyworms have multiple generations. Injury and damage. Although yellowstriped armyworm can be found throughout the season, it only sporadically injures soybeans and, generally, in young stands. In contrast, the beet armyworm and fall armyworm mainly affect late-planted seedling soybeans, and can be serious pests.

Small larvae skeletonize the lower leaves. Large larvae feed over the whole plant. Severely damaged plants are very ragged in appearance. Beet armyworms often feed on and defoliate pigweed plants in and around soybean fields. They can also produce webbing that may be present on the underside of leaves.

Noticing such damage can alert the scout that beet armyworm caterpillars may be present and moving toward a soybean field. Economic threshold. Vegetative soybeans are tolerant of adult feeding and, as seedlings become larger and faster growing, this foliage loss is seldom of concern.

Note that both beet armyworm and fall armyworm have resistance to some insecticide classes and these are reflected in the insecticides listed in the manual for each insect. Bean leaf beetle. Cerotoma trifurcata Forster. Family: Chrysomelidae. Order: Coleoptera. This small, dark-colored beetle overwinters in woods around field edges and within soybean fields.

Immature beetles develop in the soil. Adult beetles generally emerge from overwintering before, and in synchrony with, soybean planting. Rainfall will delay emergence. The first full-season soybeans to sprout in an area will attract many of these strong-flying beetles.

There are two generations of bean leaf beetle in North Carolina. If colonization is heavy, bean leaf beetle can cause severe seedling defoliation, although this is very rare in North Carolina. Feeding appears as round holes eaten through the leaves, but larvae can also feed on developing root nodules. Bean leaf beetle adults can be pests in reproductive soybeans by feeding on leaves and scarring and clipping pods.

Bean leaf beetle is rarely an individual pest in mid- to late-season beans but can become a pest when other foliage and pod-feeding insects are present. The exception to this general rule is when bean leaf beetle scars pods in seed production fields, affecting seed quality by providing a path of entry for seed-infecting pathogens.

In severe situations, insecticides may check the population and prevent yield loss. Whereas bean leaf beetle is a common insect of soybean seedlings in the tidewater region, it seldom requires treatment at this locale or anywhere in North Carolina.

Furthermore, bean leaf beetle almost never reaches economically important levels in the first generation, before soybeans have flowered. Therefore, it is more important for growers to scout for this insect in mid- to late-season.

Bean leaf beetle adults transmit several virus diseases to soybean plants, notably bean pod mottle virus, cowpea mosaic virus, and southern bean mosaic virus. The transmission of these viruses may become important on late-season soybeans after the virus has had a chance to build up in the early season. However, managing bean leaf beetle with insecticides is not an effective way to reduce virus infection, and these viruses are rarely observed in North Carolina.

Organophosphate and pyrethroid-class resistance in bean leaf beetle has been documented in the mid South and has been reported in scattered areas of North Carolina. Always consult a label before application.

General IPM principles should be followed, which include using multiple management tactics and the judicious use of insecticides. Soybean looper. Chrysodeixis includens Walker.

Family: Noctuidae. Order: Lepidoptera. The defoliating soybean looper is a year-round resident of more southern areas, but it migrates into North Carolina each year. The immigration pattern is typically along the coast from south to north and spreading inland. Coastal counties south of Cape Lookout have the highest likelihood of economic infestation, although in some years infestations may spread above the Albemarle Sound and inland to I The adult is a dark-brown robust moth with a small silver-white figure-eight spot on each forewing.

The body of the larva is tapered from the rear largest forward to the head. Often the true legs and head are black. Larvae crawl with a distinct looping motion and may rest in this pose. The caterpillar favors the lower plant canopy and leaf underside, but will feed over the entire plant as defoliation progresses. This caterpillar is a voracious feeder, and high-abundance populations can completely strip the foliage from fields; they do not feed on flowers or pods.

Soybean looper moth populations peak in late August and colonize soybean fields. Peak larval populations occur in September, mostly on later planted soybeans and, as a result, double crop soybeans are the most susceptible.

Soybean looper has developed resistance to many insecticide classes, and its presence is often associated with the removal of predators and parasites by insecticide use for corn earworm management. Due to the insect's habit of staying low in the canopy on the leaf underside, insecticide performance is often negatively affected by poor coverage.

Mexican bean beetle. Epilachna varivestis Mulsant. Adults are copper to yellow, rounded beetles with 16 black spots on their backs. Larvae are yellow, oval, soft-bodied, grublike insects with darker, branched spines. This insect overwinters as an adult and lays yellow-colored eggs vertically in masses on the underside of soybean leaves.

There is only one generation a year, and there are four larval stages. Larvae and adults will feed on all parts of the plant, but injury is generally most severe on the foliage.

Younger leaf tissue is preferred. Beetles feed between the leaf veins, causing a lacy appearance in heavily injured leaves.

Because they feed on the underside of the leaf, patchy yellow and brown areas can often be visible on the tops of injured leaves. Mexican bean beetles attack soybeans throughout the season, but most damage occurs in August and September. Mexican bean beetles typically do not cause economic damage in North Carolina, but occasional severe infestations occur, especially in unusually cool, cloudy summers.

They are mainly problematic in the piedmont region of North Carolina. Velvetbean caterpillar. Anticarsia gemmatalis Hubner. The forewings are ash gray, light yellowish-brown, or dark reddish-brown.

The hind wings are cinnamon brown with a row of light spots near the margin. When the wings are fully extended, a dark diagonal line extending across both sets of wings is evident. A snout is visible in front of the head. Larvae have a light, dorsal stripe bordered by broad, dark stripes, and a broad, white, longitudinal stripe on each side.

The velvetbean caterpillar is a tropical species that does not overwinter in North Carolina. In most years, velvetbean caterpillar moths migrate into North Carolina during mid-summer to late-summer and colonize soybean fields.

They may reproduce and reinfest late soybeans within the state; immigration from southern latitudes can also contribute to late-season population increases. As with soybean looper, this insect occurs with much greater frequency in coastal counties from Cape Lookout and south.

High numbers of velvetbean caterpillar seldom infest soybeans inland any farther than around Lenoir County. Larger caterpillars have a voracious appetite and fields are sometimes stripped of foliage.

If present at high numbers, pod clipping may occur after most foliage is consumed, but they prefer to feed on leaves. Because this is a sporadic pest, there are no cultural practices that should be directed to velvetbean caterpillar management; despite this, growers should recognize that early-maturing fields seldom receive economic infestations. Scouting, the application of thresholds, and treatment with insecticide on an as-needed basis are the primary management tactics.

This insect can be killed with almost any class of insecticide and low rates can be successfully used. Pod feeders are the most dangerous insect pests because they directly attack soybean yield. Insecticide treatments should primarily target these insects when multiple species are present in a field.

Scouting for these insects is essential, as not all fields are subject to attack by pod feeders. Variety and planting date influence which insect pests are present. Corn earworm, bollworm, and soybean podworm. Helicoverpa zea Boddie. This insect has many common names corn earworm, bollworm, and soybean podworm because it feeds on a variety of crops. During the caterpillar life stage, the corn earworm is generally the most serious insect pest of soybean across North Carolina.

This moth has greenish eyes and a prominent dark spot on each forewing in contrast to the chevrons on the tobacco budworm forewing. The moths are active during the evening hours but can be commonly seen in fields during the day. Eggs are laid individually on soybean terminals, flowers, and leaves. Eggs are round and are a white to yellowish color. Their size is equivalent to a period in this text. When these larvae fall from the soybean plant they usually curl into a tight circle.

Color varies considerably, but small larvae are usually brown with a dark head, and larger larvae may range from green, yellowish, to black with distinct cream-colored bands running the length of the body; the head color on large larvae is usually an orange hue.

Following buildup generations in other crops, field infestations from this insect normally occur later during July and into August. Corn earworm overwinters as a pupa in the soil. The pupae change to moths in April and May and fly to whorl-stage corn, or wild hosts, and lay eggs for the first generation.

Following several weeks of development, first generation moths emerge around the time when corn pollinates, and they are strongly attracted to fresh corn silks, where the eggs are laid that produce the second generation. Corn ears provide protection and a good food source to increase the population size of the second generation. After developing in the ears, larvae eat through the husk or crawl out through the top of the ear, drop to the ground, and pupate in the soil.

Moths of the second generation emerge from corn fields during the middle of July and into the middle of August, when they seek soybean, cotton, peanut, sorghum, and other crop and wild host plants. This is often concurrent with the time period when soybeans are attractive to corn earworm immediately prior to flowering until early pod-set.

There is also a September moth flight, and very late-planted soybeans are sometimes suitable not past blooming and early podding for egg laying and small caterpillar survival. Yearly fluctuations in population may be great, with high populations often occurring during seasons of early warm and dry weather. In some years, a fourth generation may emerge.

The July and August moth flight is monitored throughout North Carolina each year; the data are presented by NC State Extension as corn earworm or bollworm moth trap catches. This information can be very helpful for determining when to scout soybeans. On soybeans, the corn earworm may feed on foliage, flowers, and fruit.

Eggs are laid over the entire plant, with more laid in the top of the plant, but small caterpillars must have tender vegetative terminals or flowers for good survival. Soybean fields that bloom during the moth flight are most likely to be infested above the economic threshold, although pre-bloom soybeans sometimes have high caterpillar abundance.

Soybeans that bloom early, before the moth flight, usually escape infestation. The most serious yield losses occur when large corn earworm larvae coincide with soybean seed that have achieved almost full size. This is when caterpillars feed exclusively on seeds and have a big appetite to match their size. Feeding by small caterpillars on terminals, flowers, and small pods generally does not reduce yield unless environmental conditions are unfavorable for plant compensation during the late season.

A soybean plant produces many more flowers than it can convert into pods and seeds. Recent studies conducted in North Carolina have shown that corn earworm larvae can eat and injure flowers but that the soybean plant nearly always compensates for this loss.

Occasionally, large caterpillars will cause severe defoliation that will reduce yield. The threshold for corn earworm is dependent on the sampling method, cost of control, row width, and soybean price. Use the online Corn Earworm Economic Threshold calculator for determining the threshold level in podding soybeans.

Populations of corn earworm in soybeans can sometimes be mixed populations of corn earworm and tobacco budworm Chloridea virescens Fabricius. Tobacco budworm will often respond differently to insecticides than corn earworm, which is why identification is crucial for effective management.

In this case almost all earworms will be killed if an effective insecticide is applied correctly and at a suitable rate. In most cases, even severe feeding on flowers will not lead to any yield loss. Treatment when most earworms are quite small will often result in poor control. Large caterpillars are easily killed in soybeans. Since the objective of insect control is to balance economic loss from the insect and the cost of spraying, treatment of corn earworm should be directed against mid-size caterpillars.

Numerous cultural controls can help soybean producers minimize their risk for corn earworm. For example, corn earworm typically reaches the highest populations, and does the most severe damage, when soybean flowering is attractive for egg laying, canopies are open, and crops are stressed.

Therefore, management practices that avoid these causes will help keep caterpillar numbers below threshold levels. Tactics that help maintain low populations include using early-maturing varieties Group V and earlier that are planted early, establishing favorable growth conditions pH, fertility, moisture , and avoiding soil systemic and foliar insecticides in early season.

Creating a healthy crop with high levels of biocontrol organisms will greatly reduce corn earworm infestation levels.

Stink bug. Small stink bug nymphs immatures may be mostly black southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula L. Adults are shield-shaped and green to yellow green with red bands on the antennae southern green stink bug , bright green with black bands on the antennae green stink bug , brown with a yellow underside brown stink bug , or brown with white angular spots on the outside edges of the rear abdominal segments, coppery patches on or near the head, and a white stripe on the next-to-last antennal segment brown marmorated stink bug.

The brown stink bug looks similar to a predatory stink bug, the spined soldier bug, but has rounded shoulders and a thin beak for plant feeding, whereas the spined soldier bug has sharp, pointed shoulders and a thick beak designed for spearing and consuming insects.

Stink bugs overwinter as adults in woodland areas and field edges and move into fields or to weedy hosts during the spring. Adults are very mobile and will often move among a variety of hosts. They pass their first generation in these hosts and the resulting adults are often found in flowering soybeans, although they are not damaging to the plants. Stink bug populations begin to build up in soybeans as the season progresses, and they are generally most common once other crops in the surrounding landscape have been harvested.

They will undergo a second generation during late summer, often in soybeans, before moving into overwintering sites as adults. These insects are most common in the mid and southern coastal counties of North Carolina, with the exception of brown marmorated stink bug, which is most common in the northern and western counties.

Of the four common species found in North Carolina, the southern green stink bug has the greatest damage potential but is generally checked after cold winters. Brown marmorated stink bug can occur in very large numbers on field edges, especially those next to wooded areas or late-planted corn fields.

Stink bugs are important late-season insect pests of the soybean seed and reduce both yield and quality by their feeding. Although they can sometimes be found in flowering soybeans in relatively high numbers, they are not a problem until the pods begin producing seed.

Although grain soybeans are affected by stink bug, seed soybeans are more vulnerable in terms of severity and frequency of loss. Stand reducers and stem feeders Black cutworm Soybean gall midge. Root and below ground feeders Seedcorn maggot Wireworm. Protecting pollinators Protecting pollinators in and near soybean Recommendations for protecting pollinators while you protect your crop.

Steps for reducing "off-dusting" from seed treatments. Tips for minimizing risk to pollinators when applying foliar insecticides. Minnesota Crop News. View blog Arrow pointing to the right. Small Grains Updates start next week! Strategic Farming: Let's talk crops! Private pesticide applicator recertification in Northern Soil Compaction Conference offers latest management tips.

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